Siza kwazisa "i-hydrogen", isizukulwana esilandelayo samandla angathathi hlangothi. I-Hydrogen ihlulwe kwiindidi ezintathu: "i-hydrogen eluhlaza", "i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kunye ne "grey hydrogen", nganye kuzo inendlela yokuvelisa eyahlukileyo. Siza kuphinda sichaze indlela nganye yokuvelisa, iipropati ezibonakalayo njengezinto, iindlela zokugcina / zokuthutha, kunye neendlela zokusetyenziswa. Kwaye ndiza kwazisa ukuba kutheni ingumthombo wamandla wesizukulwana esilandelayo.
Umbane waManzi ukuvelisa iHydrogen eluhlaza
Xa usebenzisa i-hydrogen, kubalulekile "ukuvelisa i-hydrogen" nangona kunjalo. Eyona ndlela ilula kukuba "electrolyze water". Mhlawumbi wenze kwisayensi yesikolo samabanga aphantsi. Gcwalisa i-beaker ngamanzi kunye nee-electrode emanzini. Xa ibhetri iqhagamshelwe kwi-electrode kwaye inikwe amandla, oku kulandelayo kwenzeka emanzini nakwi-electrode nganye.
Kwi-cathode, i-H + kunye nee-electron zidibanisa ukuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen, ngelixa i-anode ivelisa i-oksijini. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ilungile kuvavanyo lwesayensi yesikolo, kodwa ukuvelisa i-hydrogen kwimizi-mveliso, iindlela ezifanelekileyo ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso enkulu kufuneka zilungiswe. Leyo yi "polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
Kule ndlela, i-membrane ye-polymer semipermeable evumela ukudlula kwee-ion ze-hydrogen phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode. Xa amanzi egalelwa kwi-anode yesixhobo, ii-ion ze-hydrogen eziveliswa yi-electrolysis zihamba ngenwebu engakwazi kutyhutyha ukuya kwi-cathode, apho ziye zibe yi-hydrogen yemolekyuli. Kwelinye icala, ii-ion ze-oksijini azikwazi ukudlula kwi-membrane e-semipermeable kwaye ibe ziimolekyuli zeoksijini kwi-anode.
Kwakhona kwi-electrolysis yamanzi e-alkaline, udala i-hydrogen kunye ne-oksijini ngokwahlula i-anode kunye ne-cathode ngokusebenzisa isahluli apho kuphela i-ion ye-hydroxide inokudlula. Ukongeza, kukho iindlela zoshishino ezifana ne-electrolysis yomphunga ophezulu wobushushu.
Ngokwenza ezi nkqubo kwizinga elikhulu, ubuninzi be-hydrogen bunokufumaneka. Kwinkqubo, isixa esibalulekileyo se-oksijini nayo iveliswa (isiqingatha somthamo we-hydrogen eveliswayo), ukuze kungabikho mpembelelo imbi yokusingqongileyo ukuba ikhutshwe emoyeni. Nangona kunjalo, i-electrolysis ifuna umbane omninzi, ngoko ke i-carbon-free hydrogen inokuveliswa ukuba iveliswa ngombane ongasebenzisi amafutha e-fossil, njengee-injini zomoya kunye neepaneli zelanga.
Unokufumana "i-hydrogen eluhlaza" ngokufaka i-electrolyzing amanzi usebenzisa amandla acocekileyo.
Kukwakho nejenereyitha yehydrogen yemveliso enkulu yale hydrogen eluhlaza. Ngokusebenzisa i-PEM kwicandelo le-electrolyzer, i-hydrogen inokuveliswa ngokuqhubekayo.
IHydrojeni eBlue Yenziwe kwiiFossil Fuels
Ke, zeziphi ezinye iindlela zokwenza ihydrogen? I-Hydrogen ikhona kumafutha efosili afana nerhasi yendalo kunye namalahle njengezinto ezingaphandle kwamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela i-methane (CH4), inxalenye ephambili yegesi yendalo. Kukho iiathom ezine zehydrogen apha. Unokufumana i-hydrogen ngokukhupha le hydrogen ngaphandle.
Enye yezi yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-"steam methane reforming" esebenzisa umphunga. Ifomula yemichiza yale ndlela ilandelayo.
Njengoko ubona, i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-hydrogen inokukhutshwa kwi-molecule ye-methane enye.
Ngale ndlela, i-hydrogen inokuveliswa ngeenkqubo ezifana ne "steam reforming" kunye ne "pyrolysis" yegesi yendalo kunye namalahle. "I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" ibhekisela kwi-hydrogen eveliswa ngolu hlobo.
Kule meko, nangona kunjalo, i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-carbon dioxide ziveliswa njengemveliso. Ngoko ke kufuneka uphinde uzisebenzise ngaphambi kokuba zikhutshelwe emoyeni. I-carbon dioxide ephuma kwimveliso, ukuba ayifunyanwanga, iba yigesi ye-hydrogen, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"grey hydrogen".
Loluphi uhlobo lwe-Element eyiHydrogen?
IHydrojeni inenani leatom elingu-1 kwaye lisiqalelo sokuqala kwitafile yeperiodiyo.
Inani leathom lelona likhulu kwindalo iphela, libalelwa kuma-90% azo zonke iielementi ezikwindalo iphela. Eyona athom incinane equka iproton kunye electron yiathom yehydrogen.
I-Hydrogen ine-isotopi ezimbini ezine-neutron ezincanyathiselwe kwi-nucleus. Enye ineutron-bonding "deuterium" kunye ne-neutron-bonding ezimbini "tritium". Ezi zikwazizinto zokwenziwa kombane odityanisiweyo.
Ngaphakathi kwenkwenkwezi efana nelanga, kukho ukuxubana kwenyukliya ukusuka kwihydrogen ukuya kwihelium, nto leyo engumthombo wamandla wokuba inkwenkwezi ikhanye.
Nangona kunjalo, i-hydrogen ayifane ibekho njengegesi eMhlabeni. I-Hydrogen yenza iikhompawundi kunye nezinye izinto ezifana namanzi, i-methane, i-ammonia kunye ne-ethanol. Ekubeni i<em>hydrogen iyinto yokukhanya, njengoko iqondo lobushushu linyuka, isantya sokuhamba seemolekyuli ze<em>hydrogen siyanda, yaye iphuma kumxhuzulane womhlaba iye esibhakabhakeni.
Uyisebenzisa njani iHydrogen? Ukusetyenziswa ngokutshiswa
Ke, isetyenziswa njani "i-hydrogen", ethe yatsala ingqalelo yehlabathi lonke njengomthombo wamandla wesizukulwana esilandelayo, isetyenziswa njani? Isetyenziswe ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: "ukutsha" kunye "neseli ye-fuel". Masiqale ngokusetyenziswa kwe "ukutshisa".
Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokutshisa ezisetyenziswayo.
Eyokuqala njengamafutha erokhethi. Irokethi ye-H-IIA yaseJapan isebenzisa irhasi ye-hydrogen “i-liquid hydrogen” kunye “ne-oksijini elulwelo” ekwakwimo encryogenic njengamafutha. Ezi zimbini zidityanisiwe, kwaye amandla obushushu avelisiweyo ngelo xesha akhawulezisa ukutofa kweemolekyuli zamanzi eziveliswayo, zibhabhela esithubeni. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba iyinjini enzima yobugcisa, ngaphandle kweJapan, yi-United States, iYurophu, iRashiya, i-China kunye ne-Indiya kuphela ezidibanise ngempumelelo le mafutha.
Eyesibini kukuvelisa amandla. Ukuveliswa kwamandla eijini yerhasi ikwasebenzisa indlela yokudibanisa i-hydrogen kunye neoksijini ukuvelisa amandla. Ngamanye amazwi, yindlela ejonga amandla ashushu aveliswa yihydrogen. Kwizityalo zamandla ashushu, ubushushu obuvela kumalahle avuthayo, i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo buvelisa umphunga oqhuba iiinjini zomoya. Ukuba i-hydrogen isetyenziswa njengomthombo wobushushu, iplanti yamandla iya kuba ne-carbon neutral.
Uyisebenzisa njani iHydrogen? Isetyenziswa njengeFuel Cell
Enye indlela yokusebenzisa ihydrogen kufana ne-fuel cell, eguqula ihydrogen ibe ngumbane ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokukodwa, iToyota itsale ingqalelo eJapan ngokubiza izithuthi ezifuywa nge-hydrogen endaweni yezithuthi zombane (EVs) njengenye indlela yezithuthi zepetroli njengenxalenye yokuthintela ukufudumala kwehlabathi.
Ngokukodwa, senza inkqubo yokubuyisela umva xa sizisa indlela yokuvelisa "i-hydrogen eluhlaza". Ifomula yeekhemikhali ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
I-Hydrogen inokuvelisa amanzi (amanzi ashushu okanye umphunga) ngelixa ivelisa umbane, kwaye inokuvavanywa kuba ayifaki mthwalo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Kwelinye icala, le ndlela inokuvelisa amandla asezantsi ngokwentelekiso ye-30-40%, kwaye ifuna iplatinam njenge-catalyst, ngaloo ndlela ifuna iindleko ezongeziweyo.
Okwangoku, sisebenzisa iiseli zamafutha e-polymer electrolyte (PEFC) kunye neeseli ze-phosphoric acid fuel (PAFC). Ngokukodwa, iimoto zeeseli zamafutha zisebenzisa i-PEFC, ngoko kunokulindelwa ukuba zisasazeke kwixesha elizayo.
Ngaba uGcino lweHydrojeni kunye noThutho lukhuselekile?
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sicinga ukuba uyayiqonda indlela igesi yehydrogen eyenziwe kwaye isetyenziswa ngayo. Uyigcina njani ke le hydrogen? Uyifumana njani apho uyidinga khona? Kuthekani ngokhuseleko ngelo xesha? Siza kucacisa.
Enyanisweni, i-hydrogen ikwayinto eyingozi kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, sasisebenzisa i<em>hydrogen njengegesi ukuze sidada iibhaloni, iibhaloni neenqwelo-moya esibhakabhakeni ngenxa yokuba kwakukhanya kakhulu. Noko ke, ngoMeyi 6, 1937, eNew Jersey, eUnited States, “ukudubula kwenqwelo-moya yaseHindenburg” kwenzeka.
Ukususela kwingozi, kuye kwaqatshelwa ngokubanzi ukuba igesi ye-hydrogen iyingozi. Ingakumbi xa ibamba umlilo, iya kudubula ngamandla ngeoksijini. Ngoko ke, “kukhwebuka kwioksijini” okanye “kukhwebuke kubushushu” kubalulekile.
Emva kokuthatha la manyathelo, seza nendlela yokuthumela ngenqanawa.
IHydrogen yigesi ekwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ngoko ke nangona iseyigesi, ininzi kakhulu. Indlela yokuqala kukusebenzisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye ucinezele njenge-cylinder xa usenza iziselo ze-carbonated. Lungiselela itanki ekhethekileyo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye uyigcine phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu njenge-45Mpa.
I-Toyota, ephuhlisa izithuthi zeeseli zamafutha (FCV), iphuhlisa itanki ye-resin ephezulu yoxinzelelo lwe-hydrogen enokumelana noxinzelelo lwe-70 MPa.
Enye indlela kukuphola ukuya kutsho kwi -253°C ukwenza ulwelo lwehydrogen, kwaye uyigcine kwaye uyithuthe kwiitanki ezikhethekileyo ezigqunywe bubushushu. Njenge-LNG (i-liquefied natural gas) xa irhasi yendalo isuka kumazwe angaphandle, i-hydrogen iyanyibilika ngexesha lokuthuthwa, inciphisa umthamo wayo ukuya kwi-1/800 yesimo sayo segesi. Ngo-2020, sagqiba uthutho lwe-hydrogen lokuqala emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayifanelekanga kwiimoto zeeseli zamafutha kuba ifuna amandla amaninzi ukupholisa.
Kukho indlela yokugcina kunye nokuthunyelwa kwiitanki ezinje, kodwa siphuhlisa ezinye iindlela zokugcina i-hydrogen.
Indlela yokugcina kukusebenzisa i-hydrogen alloys yokugcina. I-Hydrogen inepropathi yokungena kwisinyithi kwaye iyancipha. Eli licebiso lophuhliso elaphuhliswa eMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1960. UJJ Reilly et al. Iimvavanyo zibonise ukuba i-hydrogen ingagcinwa kwaye ikhutshwe ngokusebenzisa i-alloy ye-magnesium kunye ne-vanadium.
Emva koko, wavelisa ngempumelelo into efana ne-palladium, ekwazi ukufunxa i-hydrogen ngokuphindwe kayi-935 kumthamo wayo.
Inzuzo yokusebenzisa le alloy kukuba inokuthintela iingozi zokuvuza kwe-hydrogen (ikakhulu iingozi zokuqhuma). Ngoko ke, inokugcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye ihanjiswe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba awuqapheli kwaye uyishiye kwindawo engafanelekanga, ii-alloys zokugcina i-hydrogen zinokukhupha igesi ye-hydrogen ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ewe, nokuba yintlantsi encinci inokubangela ingozi yogqabhuko-dubulo, ke lumka.
Ikwanayo nobubi bokuba ukufunxwa kwe-hydrogen ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuchithwa kukhokelela kwi-embrittlement kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokufunxa i-hydrogen.
Enye kukusebenzisa imibhobho. Kukho imeko yokuba kufuneka ingabikho ukunyanzeliswa kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi ukukhusela i-embrittlement yemibhobho, kodwa inzuzo kukuba imibhobho yegesi ekhoyo ingasetyenziswa. Igesi yaseTokyo yenze umsebenzi wokwakha kwiFlegi yaseHarumi, isebenzisa imibhobho yegesi yesixeko ukubonelela nge-hydrogen kwiiseli zamafutha.
Umbutho wekamva owenziwe ngaMandla eHydrogen
Okokugqibela, makhe siqwalasele indima i-hydrogen enokuyidlala kuluntu.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi sifuna ukukhuthaza uluntu olungenayo i-carbon, sisebenzisa i-hydrogen ukuvelisa umbane endaweni yamandla obushushu.
Endaweni yezityalo ezinkulu zamandla ashushu, ezinye izindlu ziye zazisa iinkqubo ezifana ne-ENE-FARM, esebenzisa i-hydrogen efunyenwe ngokuguqula igesi yendalo ukuvelisa umbane ofunekayo. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo wokuba makwenziwe ntoni ngemveliso yenkqubo yohlaziyo usahleli.
Kwixesha elizayo, ukuba ukujikeleza kwe-hydrogen ngokwawo kwanda, njengokwandisa inani lezikhululo ze-hydrogen refueling, kuya kwenzeka ukuba usebenzise umbane ngaphandle kokukhupha i-carbon dioxide. Umbane uvelisa ihydrogen eluhlaza, kunjalo ke, usebenzisa umbane oveliswa kukukhanya kwelanga okanye emoyeni. Amandla asetyenziselwa ukuhlaziya i-electrolysis kufuneka abe ngamandla okucinezela umthamo wokuvelisa amandla okanye ukutshaja ibhetri egcwalisekayo xa kukho amandla angaphezulu kumandla endalo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-hydrogen ikwindawo efanayo nebhetri egcwalisekayo. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, ekugqibeleni kuyakwenzeka ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwamandla obushushu. Imini apho injini yokutsha yangaphakathi inyamalala kwiimoto isondela ngokukhawuleza.
I-Hydrogen nayo inokufunyanwa ngenye indlela. Enyanisweni, i-hydrogen iseyimveliso yemveliso ye-caustic soda. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, yimveliso ephuma kwimveliso yecoke ekwenzeni intsimbi. Ukuba ubeka le hydrogen kunikezelo, uya kuba nakho ukufumana imithombo emininzi. Irhasi yeHydrogen eveliswa ngolu hlobo ikwanikezelwa nazizikhululo zehydrogen.
Masijonge ngakumbi kwikamva. Isixa samandla esilahlekileyo sikwangumba kwindlela yothumelo esebenzisa iingcingo ukunika amandla. Ngoko ke, kwixesha elizayo, siya kusebenzisa ihydrogen eziswa ngemibhobho, kanye njengeetanki zeasidi yekharbhoni ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iziselo zekhabhoni, size sithenge itanki yehydrogen ekhaya ukuze kuphehlwe umbane kwindlu nganye. Izixhobo eziphathwayo ezisebenza kwiibhetri zehydrogen ziya ziba yinto eqhelekileyo. Kuya kuba mnandi ukubona ikamva elinjalo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-08-2023
