Malunga nesizukulwana esilandelayo samandla i-hydrogen

Siza kwazisa "i-hydrogen", isizukulwana esilandelayo samandla esingathathi cala kwi-carbon. I-Hydrogen yahlulwe yaba ziintlobo ezintathu: "i-hydrogen eluhlaza", "i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kunye "ne-hydrogen engwevu", nganye kuzo inendlela eyahlukileyo yokuvelisa. Siza kuchaza nendlela nganye yokuvelisa, iipropati zomzimba njengezinto, iindlela zokugcina/zokuthutha, kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa. Kwaye ndiza kwazisa nokuba kutheni ingumthombo wamandla olawulayo wesizukulwana esilandelayo.

I-Electrolysis Yamanzi Ukuvelisa I-Hydrogen Eluhlaza

Xa usebenzisa i-hydrogen, kubalulekile "ukuvelisa i-hydrogen" nangona kunjalo. Eyona ndlela ilula "kukusebenzisa amanzi nge-electrolyze". Mhlawumbi wenze njalo kwisayensi yesikolo samabanga aphantsi. Zalisa ibheki ngamanzi kunye nee-electrode emanzini. Xa ibhetri iqhagamshelwe kwii-electrode kwaye inikwe amandla, ezi mpendulo zilandelayo zenzeka emanzini nakwi-electrode nganye.
Kwi-cathode, i-H+ kunye nee-elektroni ziyadibana ukuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen, ngelixa i-anode ivelisa ioksijini. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ilungile kwiimvavanyo zesayensi zesikolo, kodwa ukuvelisa i-hydrogen kwimizi-mveliso, kufuneka kulungiselelwe iindlela ezisebenzayo ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso enkulu. Oko kukuthi "i-polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
Kule ndlela, i-polymer semipermeable membrane evumela ukudlula kwee-ion ze-hydrogen ibekwe phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode. Xa amanzi egalelwa kwi-anode yesixhobo, ii-ion ze-hydrogen eziveliswa yi-electrolysis zihamba nge-membrane esemipermeable ziye kwi-cathode, apho ziba yi-hydrogen yemolekyuli. Kwelinye icala, ii-ion ze-oxygen azinakudlula kwi-membrane esemipermeable zize zibe zii-molecule ze-oxygen kwi-anode.
Kwakhona kwi-electrolysis yamanzi e-alkaline, udala i-hydrogen kunye ne-oxygen ngokwahlula i-anode kunye ne-cathode nge-separator apho kuphela ii-ion ze-hydroxide ezinokudlula khona. Ukongeza, kukho iindlela zoshishino ezifana ne-electrolysis yomphunga oshushu kakhulu.
Ngokwenza ezi nkqubo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kufumaneka inani elikhulu le-hydrogen. Kule nkqubo, kuveliswa inani elikhulu le-oxygen (isiqingatha somthamo we-hydrogen eveliswayo), ukuze ingabi nampembelelo imbi kwindalo esingqongileyo ukuba ikhutshwa emoyeni. Nangona kunjalo, i-electrolysis ifuna umbane omninzi, ngoko ke i-hydrogen engena-carbon inokuveliswa ukuba iveliswa ngombane ongasebenzisi amafutha efosili, njengee-wind turbines kunye neepaneli zelanga.
Ungafumana "i-hydrogen eluhlaza" ngokufaka amanzi nge-electrolyze usebenzisa amandla acocekileyo.

Kukwakho nejenereyitha yehydrogen yokuvelisa le hydrogen iluhlaza ngobuninzi. Ngokusebenzisa iPEM kwicandelo le-electrolyzer, ihydrogen inokuveliswa rhoqo.

I-Hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyenziwe ngamafutha eFossil

Ngoko ke, zeziphi ezinye iindlela zokwenza ihydrogen? Ihydrogen ikhona kwi-fossil fuels ezifana negesi yendalo kunye namalahle njengezinto ezingezizo amanzi. Umzekelo, cinga nge-methane (CH4), eyona nto iphambili kwigesi yendalo. Kukho ii-athomu ezine zehydrogen apha. Ungayifumana ihydrogen ngokuyikhupha le hydrogen.
Enye yezi nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-"steam methane reforming" esebenzisa umphunga. Ifomyula yekhemikhali yale ndlela yile ilandelayo.
Njengoko ubona, i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-hydrogen zinokukhutshwa kwi-molecule enye ye-methane.
Ngale ndlela, i-hydrogen inokuveliswa ngeenkqubo ezifana “nokuguqulwa komphunga” kunye “ne-pyrolysis” yegesi yendalo kunye namalahle. Igama elithi “i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” libhekisa kwi-hydrogen eveliswa ngale ndlela.
Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-carbon dioxide ziveliswa njengeemveliso ezingasemva. Ngoko ke kufuneka uziphinde uzisebenzise ngaphambi kokuba zikhutshwe ziye emoyeni. I-carbon dioxide engasemva, ukuba ayifunyanwanga, iba yigesi ye-hydrogen, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"grey hydrogen".

Luhlobo luni lwe-Element eyi-Hydrogen?

I-hydrogen inenombolo ye-athomu engu-1 kwaye yinto yokuqala kwitheyibhile ye-periodic.
Inani leeathom lelona likhulu kwindalo yonke, limalunga ne-90% yazo zonke izinto kwindalo yonke. Iathom encinci equka iproton kunye ne-electron yiathom yehydrogen.
I-hydrogen inee-isotopes ezimbini ezinee-neutron ezinamathele kwi-nucleus. Enye ine-“deuterium” ene-neutron kunye ne-“tritium” ezimbini ezine-neutron. Ezi zikwazixhobo zokuvelisa amandla e-fusion.
Ngaphakathi kwenkwenkwezi efana nelanga, kwenzeka ukudibana kwenyukliya ukusuka kwi-hydrogen ukuya kwi-helium, engumthombo wamandla ukuze inkwenkwezi ikhanye.
Nangona kunjalo, i-hydrogen ayifumaneki njengegesi eMhlabeni. I-hydrogen yenza i-compounds nezinye izinto ezifana namanzi, i-methane, i-ammonia kunye ne-ethanol. Ekubeni i-hydrogen iyinto elula, njengoko ubushushu bunyuka, isantya sokuhamba kwee-molecule ze-hydrogen siyanda, kwaye siphume kumxhuzulane womhlaba siye esibhakabhakeni.

Uyisebenzisa njani iHydrogen? Sebenzisa ngokuQhuma

Ngoko ke, isetyenziswa njani “ihydrogen”, ethe yatsala ingqalelo kwihlabathi liphela njengomthombo wamandla wesizukulwana esilandelayo? Isetyenziswa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: “ukutsha” kunye “ne-fuel cell”. Masiqale ngokusebenzisa “ukutsha”.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zokutsha ezisetyenziswayo.
Eyokuqala ifana ne-rocket fuel. I-rocket ye-H-IIA yaseJapan isebenzisa i-hydrogen gas “i-hydrogen engamanzi” kunye ne-“liquid oxygen” ekwakwimeko ye-cryogenic njenge-fuel. Ezi zimbini zidityanisiwe, kwaye amandla obushushu aveliswayo ngelo xesha akhawulezisa ukufakwa kwee-molecule zamanzi eziveliswayo, zibhabha ziye esibhakabhakeni. Nangona kunjalo, kuba iyinjini enzima ngobuchwephesha, ngaphandle kweJapan, yi-United States, iYurophu, iRashiya, iTshayina kunye neIndiya kuphela eziye zadibanisa le fuel ngempumelelo.
Okwesibini kukuvelisa umbane. Ukuveliswa kombane kwi-turbine yegesi kusebenzisa indlela yokudibanisa i-hydrogen kunye ne-oxygen ukuvelisa amandla. Ngamanye amazwi, yindlela ejonga amandla obushushu aveliswa yi-hydrogen. Kwizityalo zamandla ezishushu, ubushushu obuvela kumalahle avuthayo, ioyile kunye negesi yendalo buvelisa umphunga oqhuba ii-turbine. Ukuba i-hydrogen isetyenziswa njengomthombo wobushushu, isityalo samandla asiyi kuba ne-carbon neutral.

Uyisebenzisa Njani I-Hydrogen? Isetyenziswa NjengeSeli Yepetroli

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen kukusebenzisa i-fuel cell, eguqula i-hydrogen ngqo ibe ngumbane. Ngokukodwa, iToyota itsale ingqalelo eJapan ngokuncoma izithuthi ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen endaweni yezithuthi zombane (ii-EV) njengendlela eyahlukileyo yezithuthi zepetroli njengenxalenye yeendlela zayo zokulwa nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Ngokukodwa, senza inkqubo eyahlukileyo xa singenisa indlela yokuvelisa "i-hydrogen eluhlaza". Ifomyula yeekhemikhali yile ilandelayo.
I-hydrogen inokuvelisa amanzi (amanzi ashushu okanye umphunga) ngelixa ivelisa umbane, kwaye inokuvavanywa kuba ayibeki mthwalo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Kwelinye icala, le ndlela inokusebenza okuphantsi kokuvelisa umbane kwe-30-40%, kwaye ifuna iplatinum njengesixhobo sokunyusa, ngaloo ndlela ifuna iindleko ezongezelelekileyo.
Okwangoku, sisebenzisa ii-polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) kunye nee-phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC). Ngokukodwa, ii-fuel cell cars zisebenzisa i-PEFC, ngoko ke kulindeleke ukuba isasazeke kwixesha elizayo.

Ngaba Ukugcinwa kweHydrogen kunye nokuThuthwa kwayo kukhuselekile?

Okwangoku, sicinga ukuba uyaqonda indlela eyenziwa kwaye isetyenziswa ngayo igesi ye-hydrogen. Ngoko ke uyigcina njani le hydrogen? Uyifumana njani apho uyidinga khona? Kuthekani ngokhuseleko ngelo xesha? Siza kuchaza.
Enyanisweni, ihydrogen ikwayinto eyingozi kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, sasebenzisa ihydrogen njengegesi ukudada iibhaluni, iibhaluni, kunye neenqanawa zomoya esibhakabhakeni kuba yayikhanya kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngomhla wesi-6 kuMeyi 1937, eNew Jersey, e-USA, “ukuqhuma kwenqanawa yomoya iHindenburg” kwenzeka.
Ukususela oko kwenzeka le ngozi, kuye kwaqatshelwa ngokubanzi ukuba igesi yehydrogen iyingozi. Ingakumbi xa itsha, iya kuqhuma ngamandla kunye neoksijini. Ke ngoko, "gcina kude neoksijini" okanye "gcina kude nobushushu" kubalulekile.
Emva kokuthatha la manyathelo, siye safumana indlela yokuthumela impahla.
I-hydrogen yigesi efumaneka kubushushu begumbi, ngoko ke nangona iseyigesi, inkulu kakhulu. Indlela yokuqala kukufaka uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokucinezela njengesilinda xa usenza iziselo ezinekhabhoni. Lungisa itanki ekhethekileyo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye uyigcine phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu ezifana ne-45Mpa.
IToyota, ephuhlisa izithuthi zepetroli (i-FCV), iphuhlisa itanki yehydrogen enoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-resin enokumelana noxinzelelo lwe-70 MPa.
Enye indlela kukupholisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi -253°C ukwenza i-hydrogen engamanzi, uze uyigcine kwaye uyithuthe kwiitanki ezikhethekileyo ezifakwe ubushushu. Njenge-LNG (igesi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo) xa igesi yendalo ingeniswa ivela kwamanye amazwe, i-hydrogen iyanyibilika ngexesha lokuthuthwa, nto leyo enciphisa umthamo wayo ukuya kwi-1/800 yemeko yayo yegesi. Ngo-2020, sagqiba i-hydrogen yokuqala engamanzi emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayifanelekanga kwizithuthi ze-fuel cell kuba ifuna amandla amaninzi ukuze iphole.
Kukho indlela yokugcina nokuthumela kwiitanki ezinje, kodwa sikwaphuhlisa nezinye iindlela zokugcina i-hydrogen.
Indlela yokugcina kukusebenzisa ii-alloys zokugcina i-hydrogen. I-hydrogen inepropathi yesinyithi esingena ngaphakathi size siwohloke. Le yingcebiso yophuhliso eyaphuhliswa eMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1960. UJJ Reilly et al. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba i-hydrogen inokugcinwa kwaye ikhutshwe kusetyenziswa i-alloy ye-magnesium kunye ne-vanadium.
Emva koko, waphumelela ekuphuhliseni into efana ne-palladium, enokufunxa i-hydrogen ngokuphindwe kayi-935 ubukhulu bayo.
Inzuzo yokusebenzisa le ngxubevange kukuba inokuthintela iingozi zokuvuza kwehydrogen (ingakumbi iingozi zokuqhuma). Ke ngoko, ingagcinwa kwaye ithuthwe ngokukhuselekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba awulumkanga kwaye uyishiye kwindawo engafanelekanga, iingxubevange zokugcina ihydrogen zinokukhupha igesi yehydrogen ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ewe, nokuba yintlantsi encinci inokubangela ingozi yokuqhuma, ngoko lumka.
Ikwanayo ingxaki yokuba ukufunxwa kwe-hydrogen rhoqo kunye nokufunxwa kwayo kukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydrogen kwaye kunciphisa izinga lokufunxwa kwayo.
Enye kukusebenzisa imibhobho. Kukho imeko yokuba kufuneka ingacinezelwa kwaye ibe noxinzelelo oluphantsi ukuthintela ukuqhekeka kwemibhobho, kodwa inzuzo kukuba imibhobho yegesi ekhoyo ingasetyenziswa. I-Tokyo Gas yenze umsebenzi wokwakha kwi-Harumi FLAG, isebenzisa imibhobho yegesi yesixeko ukubonelela nge-hydrogen kwiiseli zamafutha.

Umbutho Wexesha Elizayo Owenziwe yiHydrogen Energy

Okokugqibela, makhe siqwalasele indima enokudlalwa yi-hydrogen kuluntu.
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba sifuna ukukhuthaza uluntu olungenakhabhoni, sisebenzisa i-hydrogen ukuvelisa umbane endaweni yamandla obushushu.
Endaweni yezityalo ezinkulu zombane ezishushu, amanye amakhaya aqalise iinkqubo ezifana ne-ENE-FARM, ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen efunyenwe ngokuguqula igesi yendalo ukuvelisa umbane ofunekayo. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo wokuba makwenziwe ntoni ngemveliso engaphantsi kwenkqubo yokuguqula usasele.

Kwixesha elizayo, ukuba ukujikeleza kwe-hydrogen ngokwayo kuyanda, njengokwandisa inani lezikhululo zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, kuya kwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe umbane ngaphandle kokukhupha i-carbon dioxide. Umbane uvelisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza, ewe, ngoko ke usebenzisa umbane oveliswa lilanga okanye ngumoya. Amandla asetyenziselwa i-electrolysis kufuneka abe ngamandla okunciphisa ubungakanani bokuveliswa kombane okanye ukutshaja ibhetri etshajwayo xa kukho amandla angaphezulu avela kumandla endalo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-hydrogen ikwindawo efanayo nebhetri etshajwayo. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, ekugqibeleni kuya kwenzeka ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kombane oshushu. Usuku apho injini yokutsha yangaphakathi inyamalala ezimotweni lusondela ngokukhawuleza.

I-hydrogen ingafumaneka nangenye indlela. Enyanisweni, i-hydrogen isengumphumo wemveliso ye-caustic soda. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngumphumo wemveliso ye-coke ekwenzeni i-iron. Ukuba ubeka le hydrogen ekusasazweni, uya kukwazi ukufumana imithombo emininzi. Igesi ye-hydrogen eveliswa ngale ndlela ikwabonelelwa zizitishi ze-hydrogen.

Masijonge phambili kwixesha elizayo. Ubungakanani bamandla alahlekileyo bukwangumba kwindlela yokudlulisela esebenzisa iingcingo ukubonelela ngombane. Ke ngoko, kwixesha elizayo, siza kusebenzisa i-hydrogen ehanjiswa ngemibhobho, njengeetanki ze-carbonic acid ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni iziselo ezine-carbonated, size sithenge itanki ye-hydrogen ekhaya ukuvelisa umbane kumakhaya onke. Izixhobo eziphathwayo ezisebenzisa iibhetri ze-hydrogen ziya ziqheleka. Kuya kuba nomdla ukubona ikamva elinjalo.